pandemic
Ebola Virus: Lessons from a Unique Survivor
Caption: Ebola virus (green) is shown on cell surface.
Credit: National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH
There are new reports of an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This news comes just two years after international control efforts eventually contained an Ebola outbreak in West Africa, though before control was achieved, more than 11,000 people died—the largest known Ebola outbreak in human history [1]. While considerable progress continues to be made in understanding the infection and preparing for new outbreaks, many questions remain about why some people die from Ebola and others survive.
Now, some answers are beginning to emerge thanks to a new detailed analysis of the immune responses of a unique Ebola survivor, a 34-year-old American health-care worker who was critically ill and cared for at the NIH Special Clinical Studies Unit in 2015 [2]. The NIH-led team used the patient’s blood samples, which were drawn every day, to measure the number of viral particles and monitor how his immune system reacted over the course of his Ebola infection, from early symptoms through multiple organ failures and, ultimately, his recovery.
The researchers identified unexpectedly large shifts in immune responses that preceded observable improvements in the patient’s symptoms. The researchers say that, through further study and close monitoring of such shifts, health care workers may be able to develop more effective ways to care for Ebola patients.
Tags: adaptive immune system, Africa, blood, Congo, critical care, Ebola, Ebola epidemic, Ebola treatment, Ebola Virus Disease, global health, hemorrhagic fever, immunity, immunology, infectious disease, innate immunity, NIH Clinical Center, organ failure, pandemic, Sierra Leone, virology, West Africa
Creative Minds: Preparing for Future Pandemics
Jonathan Abraham / Credit: ChieYu Lin
Growing up in Queens, NY, Jonathan Abraham developed a love for books and an interest in infectious diseases. One day Abraham got his hands on a copy of Laurie Garrett’s The Coming Plague, a 1990s bestseller warning of future global pandemics, and he sensed his life’s calling. He would help people around the world survive deadly viral outbreaks, particularly from Ebola, Marburg, and other really bad bugs that cause deadly hemorrhagic fevers.
Abraham, now a physician-scientist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, continues to chase that dream. With support from an NIH Director’s 2016 Early Independence Award, Abraham has set out to help design the next generation of treatments to enable more people to survive future outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever. His research strategy: find antibodies in the blood of known survivors that helped them overcome their infections. With further study, he hopes to develop purified forms of the antibodies as potentially life-saving treatments for people whose own immune systems may not make them in time. This therapeutic strategy is called passive immunity.
Tags: antibodies, cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-EM, Ebola, hemorrhagic fever, infectious diseases, junin virus, Marburg virus, neutralizing antibodies, New World hemorrhagic fever, NIH Director’s 2016 Early Independence Award, pandemic, passive immunity, viral hemorrhagic fever, viral pandemics, virology, virus, x-ray crystallography
Ferreting Out Flu
Caption: Testing transmission of the new H7N9 flu virus
Credit: Sander Herfst, Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, NL
The latest flu virus causing concern, H7N9, arose in birds in Eastern China a few months ago—so far infecting more than 100 people, with a high death rate [1]. To gauge the pandemic potential of this new avian virus, a team of Chinese and NIH-funded American researchers isolated the virus from a patient in China and used it to infect ferrets [2].
Yes, you read that right: ferrets! It turns out that ferret airways have biological similarity to humans, and so they are traditionally used as an indicator of whether humans are susceptible to a particular flu virus and whether transmission can occurs through the air (breathing, coughing, or sneezing) or requires direct contact.
Tags: airborne transmission, avian influenza virus, bird flu, China, direct contact, ferret, H7N9, pandemic
How Influenza Pandemics Occur
| Credit: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH |
Flu season is upon us! Check out this NIH video to see how these pandemics emerge and spread new flu viruses around the globe.
Tags: epidemic, flu, globe, influenza, NIAID, pandemic, virus
