cerebral cortex
How the Brain Regulates Vocal Pitch
Credit: University of California, San Francisco
Whether it’s hitting a high note, delivering a punch line, or reading a bedtime story, the pitch of our voices is a vital part of human communication. Now, as part of their ongoing quest to produce a dynamic picture of neural function in real time, researchers funded by the NIH’s Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative have identified the part of the brain that controls vocal pitch [1].
This improved understanding of how the human brain regulates the pitch of sounds emanating from the voice box, or larynx, is more than cool neuroscience. It could aid in the development of new, more natural-sounding technologies to assist people who have speech disorders or who’ve had their larynxes removed due to injury or disease.
Posted In: News
Tags: brain, BRAIN Initiative, brain surgery, cerebral cortex, dorsal laryngeal motor cortex, electrocorticography, epilepsy, language, larynx, music, neuroscience, pitch, seizures, sensorimotor cortex, singing, speech, vocal pitch, voice disorders
Study Shows Genes Unique to Humans Tied to Bigger Brains
Caption: Cortical organoid, showing radial glial stem cells (green) and cortical neurons (red).
Credit: Sofie Salama, University of California, Santa Cruz
In seeking the biological answer to the question of what it means to be human, the brain’s cerebral cortex is a good place to start. This densely folded, outer layer of grey matter, which is vastly larger in Homo sapiens than in other primates, plays an essential role in human consciousness, language, and reasoning.
Now, an NIH-funded team has pinpointed a key set of genes—found only in humans—that may help explain why our species possesses such a large cerebral cortex. Experimental evidence shows these genes prolong the development of stem cells that generate neurons in the cerebral cortex, which in turn enables the human brain to produce more mature cortical neurons and, thus, build a bigger cerebral cortex than our fellow primates.
That sounds like a great advantage for humans! But there’s a downside. Researchers found the same genomic changes that facilitated the expansion of the human cortex may also render our species more susceptible to certain rare neurodevelopmental disorders.
Posted In: News
Tags: autism, Autism Spectrum Disorder, brain, cerebral cortex, cortical neurons, CRISPR/Cas9, DNA sequencing, duplication, evolution, gene-editing technology, genes, genomics, human genome, Human Genome Project, humans, macrocephaly, microcephaly, microdeletion, neurodevelopmental disorders, neurons, neuroscience, Notch, organoids, primates, radial glial stem cells, schizophrenia, signaling genes, stem cells
Unlocking the Brain’s Memory Retrieval System
Credit:Sahay Lab, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
Play the first few bars of any widely known piece of music, be it The Star-Spangled Banner, Beethoven’s Fifth, or The Rolling Stones’ (I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction, and you’ll find that many folks can’t resist filling in the rest of the melody. That’s because the human brain thrives on completing familiar patterns. But, as we grow older, our pattern completion skills often become more error prone.
This image shows some of the neural wiring that controls pattern completion in the mammalian brain. Specifically, you’re looking at a cross-section of a mouse hippocampus that’s packed with dentate granule neurons and their signal-transmitting arms, called axons, (light green). Note how the axons’ short, finger-like projections, called filopodia (bright green), are interacting with a neuron (red) to form a “memory trace” network. Functioning much like an online search engine, memory traces use bits of incoming information, like the first few notes of a song, to locate and pull up more detailed information, like the complete song, from the brain’s repository of memories in the cerebral cortex.
Posted In: Snapshots of Life
Tags: abLIM3, aging, aging brain, brain, CA neurons, CA3, cerebral cortex, dentate granule cells, dentate gyrus, filopedia, Hippocampal Memory Indexing Theory, hippocampus, memory, memory retrieval, memory trace, mouse hippocampus, neurology, optogenetics, pattern completion, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, traumatic memories
Wearable Scanner Tracks Brain Activity While Body Moves
Credit: Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London.
In recent years, researchers fueled by the BRAIN Initiative and many other NIH-supported efforts have made remarkable progress in mapping the human brain in all its amazing complexity. Now, a powerful new imaging technology promises to further transform our understanding [1]. This wearable scanner, for the first time, enables researchers to track neural activity in people in real-time as they do ordinary things—be it drinking tea, typing on a keyboard, talking to a friend, or even playing paddle ball.
This new so-called magnetoencephalography (MEG) brain scanner, which looks like a futuristic cross between a helmet and a hockey mask, is equipped with specialized “quantum” sensors. When placed directly on the scalp surface, these new MEG scanners can detect weak magnetic fields generated by electrical activity in the brain. While current brain scanners weigh in at nearly 1,000 pounds and require people to come to a special facility and remain absolutely still, the new system weighs less than 2 pounds and is capable of generating 3D images even when a person is making motions.
Posted In: Health, Science, technology, Video
Tags: 3D printing, Autism Spectrum Disorder, brain, brain imaging, BRAIN Initiative, cerebral cortex, diagnostics, functional brain imaging, magnetic field sensor, magnetic fields, magnetoencephalography, MEG brain scanner, Parkinson's disease, primary motor cortex, quantum sensors, QuSpin, wearable devices
Creative Minds: Programming Cells to Write Their Own Memoirs
Caption: MEMOIR cells variably activate (cyan). The recorded information is then read out to visualize certain RNA transcripts (red).
Credit: Elowitz and Cai Labs, Caltech, Pasadena, CA
One of the most fascinating challenges in biology is understanding how a single cell divides and differentiates to form a complex, multicellular organism. Scientists can learn a lot about this process by tracking time-lapse images through a microscope. But gazing through a lens has its limitations, especially in the brain and other opaque and inaccessible tissues and organs.
With support from a 2017 NIH Director’s Transformative Research Program, a California Institute of Technology (Caltech) team now has a way around this problem. Rather than watching or digging information out of cells, the team has learned how to program cells to write their own molecular memoirs. These cells store the information right in their own genomic hard drives. Even better, that information is barcoded, allowing researchers to read it out of the cells without dissecting tissue. The programming can be performed in many different cell types, including stem or adult cells in tissues throughout the body.
Posted In: Health, Science, technology
Tags: adult stem cells, barcodes, brain, cerebral cortex, CRISPR/Cas9, gene editing, genomics, MEMOIR, Memory by Engineered Mutagenesis with Optical In-Situ Readout, microscopy, RNA, scratchpad, seqFISH, stem cells, tumor metastasis
