How Sleep Resets the Brain
Posted on by Dr. Francis Collins
Caption: Colorized 3D reconstruction of dendrites. Neurons receive input from other neurons through synapses, most of which are located along the dendrites on tiny projections called spines.
Credit: The Center for Sleep and Consciousness, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine
People spend about a third of their lives asleep. When we get too little shut-eye, it takes a toll on attention, learning and memory, not to mention our physical health. Virtually all animals with complex brains seem to have this same need for sleep. But exactly what is it about sleep that’s so essential?
Two NIH-funded studies in mice now offer a possible answer. The two research teams used entirely different approaches to reach the same conclusion: the brain’s neural connections grow stronger during waking hours, but scale back during snooze time. This sleep-related phenomenon apparently keeps neural circuits from overloading, ensuring that mice (and, quite likely humans) awaken with brains that are refreshed and ready to tackle new challenges.
The idea that sleep is required to keep the brain wiring sharp goes back more than a decade [1]. While a fair amount of evidence has emerged to support the hypothesis, its originators Chiara Cirelli and Giulio Tononi of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, set out in their new study to provide some of the first direct visual proof that it’s indeed the case.
As published in the journal Science, the researchers used a painstaking, cutting-edge imaging technique to capture high-resolution pictures of two areas of the mouse’s cerebral cortex, a part of the brain that coordinates incoming sensory and motor information [2]. The technique, called serial scanning 3D electron microscopy, involves repeated scanning of small slices of the brain to produce many thousands of images, allowing the researchers to produce detailed 3D reconstructions of individual neurons.
Their goal was to measure the size of the synapses, where the ends of two neurons connect. Synapses are critical for one neuron to pass signals on to the next, and the strength of those neural connections corresponds to their size.
The researchers measured close to 7,000 synapses in all. Their images show that synapses grew stronger and larger as these nocturnal mice scurried about at night. Then, after 6 to 8 hours of sleep during the day, those synapses shrank by about 18 percent as the brain reset for another night of activity. Importantly, the effects of sleep held when the researchers switched the mice’s schedule, keeping them up and engaged with toys and other objects during the day.
In the second Science report, Richard Huganir and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, measured changes in the levels of certain brain proteins with sleep to offer biochemical evidence for this weakening of synapses [3]. Their findings show that levels of protein receptors found on the receiving ends of synapses dropped by 20 percent while their mice slept.
The researchers also show that the protein Homer1a—important in regulating sleep and wakefulness—rises in synapses during a long snooze, playing a critical role in the resetting process. When the protein was lacking, brains didn’t reset properly during sleep. This suggests that Homer1a responds to chemical cues in the brain that signal the need to sleep.
These studies add to prior work that suggests another function of sleep is to allow glial lymphatics in the brain to clear out proteins and other toxins that have deposited during the day. All of this goes to show that a good night’s sleep really can bring clarity. So, the next time you’re struggling to make a decision and someone tells you to “sleep on it”—that might be really good advice.
References:
[1] Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: a hypothesis. Tononi G, Cirelli C. Brain Res Bull. 2003 Dec 15;62(2):143-150.
[2] Ultrastructural evidence for synaptic scaling across the wake/sleep cycle. de Vivo L, Bellesi M, Marshall W, Bushong EA, Ellisman MH, Tononi G, Cirelli C. Science. 2017 Feb 3;355(6324):507-510.
[3] Homer1a drives homeostatic scaling-down of excitatory synapses during sleep. Diering GH, Nirujogi RS, Roth RH, Worley PF, Pandey A, Huganir RL. Science. 2017 Feb 3;355(6324):511-515.
Links:
Sleep and Memory (National Institute of Mental Health/NIH)
Why is Sleep Important? (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/NIH)
Huganir Lab (Johns Hopkins, Baltimore)
Chiara Cirelli (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
Giulio Tononi (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
NIH Support: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; National Institute of General Medical Sciences
This is interesting. I only know that the brain would reset and the body would rejuvenate with sleep. There is that clearance of proteins and toxins off the brain with sleep? My, I could only imagine what I am doing to my body. Sometimes I’d only get 5 hours of sleep. I see that’s why it’s hard to think straight with lack of sleep. But thinking about those toxins, the effects can be detrimental. This is a good epiphany for me.
Amazing article!! It one of mine real time example which I go through. On some days, I would fall asleep after a lot of time and hassle and on some days, I would get up in the middle of the night and won’t get back to sleep very quickly. In this content I have go through that how sleep resets the brain with Natural anxiety supplements? Im suprised