DNA’s Double Anniversary
Posted on by Dr. Francis Collins
April 25 is a very special day. In 2003, Congress declared April 25th DNA Day to mark the date that James Watson and Francis Crick published their seminal one-page paper in Nature [1] describing the helical structure of DNA. That was 60 years ago. In that single page, they revealed how organisms elegantly store biological information and pass it from generation to generation; they discovered the molecular basis of evolution; and they effectively launched the era of modern biology.
But that’s not all that’s special about this date. It was ten years ago this month that we celebrated the completion of all of the original goals of the Human Genome Project (HGP), which produced a reference sequence of the 3 billion DNA letters that make up the instruction book for building and maintaining a human being. The $3 billion, 13-year project involved more than 2,000 scientists from six countries. As the scientist tasked with leading that effort, I remain immensely proud of the team. They worked tirelessly and creatively to do something once thought impossible, never worrying about who got the credit, and giving all of the data away immediately so that anyone who had a good idea about how to use it for human benefit could proceed immediately. Biology will never be the same. Medical research will never be the same.
We’ve discovered the 20,500 or so genes, and uncovered many of their regulatory switches, located in vast regions of DNA (once thought of as junk) that are vital for their proper function. We’ve catalogued genetic variations—some 54 million of them so far—that exist in the human species. Some of these variations are linked to disease—like heart disease, cancer, or diabetes—while others reveal specific adaptations that occurred as humans spread around the globe and adapted to different foods and climates. What’s more, we’ve discovered that our genome doesn’t work alone. Our bodies are continually interacting with microbes that are vital to our health, and we’re now decoding their genomes in what is called the microbiome project.
So how cheap is it to read your genome? Today, a scientist can decode it for just $3,000–$5,000 in only a few days; this continues to get cheaper and faster as technologies evolve. We have already done this for thousands of individuals (including my personal hero, South Africa’s Archbishop Desmond Tutu, who just won the Templeton Prize). We have discovered the genetic mutation behind almost 5,000 diseases or conditions. And we’ve harnessed this data to personalize medicine—we’ve matched more than 100 drugs to specific genes and developed genetic tests to help diagnose more than 1,000 diseases [2]. Equally as important, we’re making sure that people can use these genetic tests without fear of discrimination. To this end, Congress passed the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), a law banning genetic discrimination [3].
I am a physician; my dream is to see these advances in understanding the genome translated into better methods of prevention, treatment, and cure of disease. And we are seeing that happen in many areas—perhaps most prominently in cancer and in rare genetic diseases, as readers of this blog will have noted. But much work still lies ahead. As we celebrate this special day, let’s resolve to use all means possible to bring the promise of the genomic revolution to those billions of people in the world who are still waiting and hoping for its benefits to reach them.
References:
[1] Watson and Crick’s Landmark paper
[2] American Medical Association: Genetic Testing
[3] The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)
Learn more with these resources from NIH’s National Human Genome Research Institute:
DNA Day 2013: Teaching Tools and Resources
The Genomics Landscape a Decade After the Human Genome Project
Smithsonian NHGRI Genome Exhibition
Videos from HGP Anniversary Symposium (April 25, 2013) will be posted on GenomeTV by May 2
Dr. Collins,
Thanks for all the work you do with the NIH … when asked in my medical school interviews who my personal hero was, you have gotten the nod. Don’t forget some of the other important discoverers, though, namely Rosalind Franklin! She may not get the level of regard as Watson and Crick, but she was a very important part of the puzzle.
Could genome knowledge help to cure or prevent chronic disease in the future?
Could genome knowledge help to cure major depression?
Often, people regret that Rosy Franklin did not the get the Nobel prize with Watson, Crick and Wilkins. The fact is that the Nobel prize cannot be awarded to more than 3 persons in the same category by policy. Maybe that’s why the Nobel committee waited till the premature death of Franklin.
What a great day. I wish I was in America. Dr. James Watson once gave an hour of his time to simply chat wit my friend Napo (Napolean) that is really Dr. Ratneswaran Ratnasabapathy from Sri Lanka at the Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory in New York.
Hello,
Really thank you for the article, it’s awesome.
In your opinion, could radio waves from mobile phones damage DNA?
I wish to thank all those who study and research on DNA and Genome Project with great consciousness and sense of responsibility.
An article celebrating the discovery of DNA but not mentioning Rosalind Franklin’s name, I think is an insult not only to Franklin herself. Seeing the original paper, I’m again shocked at the never-punished theft.